Derivation gives If is less volatile, , and selectivity decreases as increases. It was found that higher the downstream pressure lower in water flux. Selectivity is not affected by downstream pressure change. Ester EA, EP, and EB concentrations in permeance increased almost linearly with increasing ester concentrations in the feed. This may be attributed to the lowest solubility of EB in water, since the low solubility relates to the high hydrophobicity.
Due to the lowest solubility, EB has highest affinity to the hydrophobic surface of the membrane. This is as would be expected, since organic species have a stronger affinity to the organophilic membrane than water-soluble solutes.
Phase separation occurred in permeant stream because the ester concentration in permeance was much above the saturation limit. The difference in the flux and permeance of different component in a particular membrane is explained in terms of difference in affinity between the component and the membrane for the different components. A simple approach to describing the affinity between materials is the solubility parameter.
The solubility parameter theory proposes that the materials will have strong interaction when their respective solubility parameters are close to each other. Accordingly, the butanol fluxes present the same order, so do the butanol permeances.
This is not unexpected because the solubility parameter of PDMS is closer to ethyl acetate than the other components [ 92 ]. Thus, PDMS is more selective to ethyl acetate than other components.
The solubility parameter is a measure of the affinity between polymer and penetrant and can give qualitative information about interaction between polymer and penetrant. As the affinity between permeant and polymer increases the amount of liquid inside the polymer increases, and consequently the flux through the membrane increases [ 93 ].
Membranes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic are widely used in industries for both product recovery and waste treatment. Nowadays it is widely used in industries for dehydrating solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol. Therefore it can be considered as a substitute where distillation is difficult or costly. Moreover, pervaporation can be used progressively to improve reactor performance, by either purifying feeds or separating reaction products. Since pervaporation is a membrane process, these separations can be combined with the reaction step, resulting in substantial improvements in reaction efficiencies, yields, and process economics.
In this regard lots of scope exists for separation of esterification product or the byproduct. Research is going on to develop new and better membranes, that is, with higher fluxes, better selectivity, and broader chemical resistance which will expand the areas where pervaporation-esterification hybrid is feasible. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Special Issues. Ghoshna Jyoti, 1 Amit Keshav , 1 and J. Academic Editor: Georgiy B. Received 11 Sep Revised 17 Nov Accepted 26 Nov Published 28 Dec Abstract The esterification reaction is reversible and has low yield. Introduction to Pervaporation Separation of liquid mixtures by partial vaporization through a membrane nonporous or porous is the separation principle in pervaporation.
Figure 1. The choice of membrane with respect to the size of particles encountered. Table 1. Pervaporation membranes employed for various esterification reactions. Figure 2. Schematic diagram of pervaporation-chemical reactor integrated system. Figure 3. Steps involved in transport of component through a pervaporation membrane. Table 2. Overview of membrane performance parameters of different pervaporation systems. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Obtained trend of flux with time for different pervaporation systems.
Table 3. Comparison of results of esterification reaction with and without pervaporation. Figure 7. Different trends of conversion of acid with time for esterification without pervaporation system. Figure 8. Different trends of conversion of acid with time for esterification with pervaporation system.
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